The Sudan Doctors Network (SDN) said 28 others were also injured in the bombing, which happened in the Border Triangle Area.
It was not immediately clear who was responsible for the attack, which happened on Saturday morning local time, and the aircraft involved has not been identified.
However, the SDN said the miners had been repeatedly warned by Egyptian authorities to evacuate the area, which is reportedly part of Egypt.
Gold has played a central part in the war in Sudan, with the insurgent paramilitary Rapid Support Forces smuggling out thousands of tons of the precious metal from the Darfur and Kordofan regions to fund themselves.
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Abdel-Aziz Yousef, a survivor, told the Associated Press news agency that the site targeted was an artisanal gold mine in a mountainous area.
He said that many people were killed or wounded, and others fled the area amid fears there would be further strikes.
The SDN said the death toll was likely to increase as some of the wounded had serious injuries and limited access to healthcare facilities.
In June, Egyptian security forces arrested hundreds of people on the border with Sudan, accusing them of illegal gold mining and smuggling.
More than 50% of gold mined in Sudan is smuggled out of the country, according to a 2024 UN report.
